The base of this review is to consider the relevant role that animal factors (potential milk yield, body weight, body condition score, state of lactation, parity and fertility) play on milk performance (considering the energy balance and the rumen function across the full lactation curve of animals) and milk quality (milk protein content, milk fat content, milk lactose content, vitamins, minerals, immunoglobulins, cells in milk, pathogenic bacteria and inhibitors) of grazing dairy cows (taking into account the substitution rate and the milk response at pasture of animals under different supplementation regimes). All this, looking for high individual milk production and paying attention to grassland management as the key point for sustainability of grazing dairy systems in order to maintain high pasture dry matter intake in the swards with high grass quality (high pasture levels of crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates and digestibility of organic matter but low pasture levels of acid and neutral detergent fibers) all over the grazing season to satisfy cow needs at all times thought the lactation curve of dairy cows. It is also necessary to consider the use of supplementation at pasture (normally at the peak of lactation, when cows are generally in a state of negative energy balance and the provision of silage/concentrate can help to alleviate this situation) to keep the animals within the desired levels of milk production. It seeks, thereby, to achieve an efficient conversion of grass into milk, in a competitive and profitable way taking into consideration the current context in which pasture-based milk production systems are developed in mostly of temperate regions worldwide and focusing our interest in the milk premium price got by dairy farmers in a humid area as Galicia (NW Spain) when we consider the quantity and the quality of the milk delivered to the dairy industry.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate various protein sources with animal or vegetative origin and their mixture in broiler diets. The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and similar in their levels of two limited amino acids (methionine and lysine); six diets were formulated with respect to sources of proteins and their combination including: fish meal (diet A), soybean meal (diet B), and sunflower meal (diet E) and soybean meal+sunflower meal (diet F). Each diet was fed to five replicates of fifteen broiler chicks (one-day old). Diet A compared with other diets decreased weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency (p<0.05). The best results were obtained by chicks fed diets D and E that had a mixture of animal and vegetative protein sources and improved chicks performance (p<0.05). During of this study no significant differences were observed in chicks performances by diets B and C. Chicks fed diet F had maximum feed intake but weight gain was not accordance to feed intakes and therefore, lower feed efficiency.

Animal welfare considerations are becoming increasingly important for farming of animals, both in Tunisia and internationally. Practices which may have once been deemed acceptable are now being reassessed in the light of new knowledge and changing attitudes. And a clearly defined concept of welfare is needed for use in precise scientific measurements. If animal welfare is to be compared in different situations or evaluated in a specific situation, it must be assessed in an objective way. Likewise, welfare is a multidimensional concept and its assessment systems have been developed by researchers of the European project Welfare Quality ®. These systems should include animal-based measures directly related to animal body condition, health aspects, injuries and behavior. In this context, a Tunisian study was carried out in 35 dairy farms to evaluate welfare quality of Tunisian Holstein population cows through some welfare indicators validated by the European project Welfare Quality ®. The studied sample included 350 females (Holstein; 161 heifers and 189 cows). Avoidance distance (at the feeding rack and inside the stable), body condition, lameness, fertility, somatic cell count, and milk yield were assessed. The study showed that animals differ in their relationship with the stockholder, performance, and health state, early experience and temperament.

Introduction: There are about two millions of wounds caused by mammal biting annually. In our country, the current trend in the increasing cases of people bitten by animals remains of prime importance from sanitary-economic point of view. This study was carried out by determining and specifying the registered cases of animal biting for the last 3 years. The cases had referred to an anti rabies clinic in Mashhad. The present study tends to find out a more precise distribution rate of the disease in order to be able to have more efficacious plans and control in the community.Materials and Methods: Initially, all the files reflecting information about the patients who had referred to the anti-rabies clinic located in No. 2 Healthcare Center of Mashhad. The cases were studied separately for each year; i.e. the years of 1385 through 1387 HS. Then, based on the required data gathered. Distributive tables were made for each year. Results: According to the findings of the study, 3809, 3294 and 3535 cases were bitten by animals in different regions in Mashhad during the years of 1385, 1386 and 1387, respectively. The percentage of bitten cases aging in a range of 10-19 years old was more than the incidents in the other groups. Also, the number of bitten males was more than the bitten females. In addition, it was found that the quantity of biting cases in urban areas was more than those in the rural regions. The findings also indicate that the amount of cases that received partial treatment was more than those who had complete treatments. Furthermore, most of the cases were bitten by dogs and the upper and the lower limbs were the most affected parts of the body. Conclusion: During warm seasons, young males are at risk of biting.  After the incident, washing the wound with water and soap as well as rabies vaccination are recommended.

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a mathematical programming approach to assessing relative efficiencies. DEA method has been proved very effective in evaluating and decision-making. One of the keys to DEA approach is the search and process of data for inputs and outputs. Because the data for some DEA models are all definite and known, the models mentioned as above are all certain. However, there exist a lot of uncertainties in decision problem. Therefore, the previous DEA models are not applicable for the problem under uncertainty which.is a typical Feature of agricultural activities including animal husbandry industry.In this paper we have employed an interval DEA models for dealing with imprecise data. Interval data envelopment analysis method (IDEA) is a useful approach to evaluate the efficiency of activities using inexact data to consider risk and uncertainty. More specifically, this paper evaluates the efficiency of animal husbandry industry using provinces data of Iran over the period 2000 - 2004.The results show that in the milk industry, Ardebil and Booshehr provinces are respectively ranked to be the first and the last efficient provinces while in the beef industry, Khozestan, and Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiyari provinces are respectively ranked to be the first and the last efficient provinces.

One of the major concerns in rangeland is employing a grazing intensity that leads to high animal production as well as sustainable use of the ecosystem. For this aim, different grazing intensities, by Yazdian goat, were tested on steppic rangelands of Yazd province. Experiment was conducted in Nir Research Station and lasted for two years (2000-2001). It was designed as the randomized complete blocks with three replications. In each block high, low and moderate grazing intensities were compared with control (intact) treatment. Grazing was started at the time of range readiness, in a rotational grazing system in which animals were remained for 15 days within each block. Animal performance was determined by measuring weights, breeding percent, fleece and hair production. The research was also aimed to compare goat diet in the field with proposed by NRC (1981) tables. During two years of study, no significant difference (p<0.05) was found in animal live weight, breeding performance, and fleece and hair production between grazing intensity treatments. Although high grazing intensity treatment led to more efficient use of available forage and was economically more important, but the optimum animal performance and sustainable utilization from range lands were obtained only in moderate grazing intensity. Low forage quality influenced grazing behavior of goats; though they had a choice in selecting available forage, utilization were limited on about the maintenance diet level. Therefore animal obtained their maintenance diet at lower phosphorus, protein and metabolic energy, as compared with the NRC tables.